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Alexandru Averescu (; 1859–1938) was a Romanian marshal and populist politician. A Romanian Armed Forces Commander during World War I, he served as Prime Minister of three separate cabinets (as well as being ''interim'' Foreign Minister in January–March 1918 and Minister without portfolio in 1938). He first rose to prominence during the peasant's revolt of 1907, which he helped repress in violence. Credited with engineering the defense of Moldavia in the 1916–1917 Campaign, he built on his popularity to found and lead the successful People's Party, which he brought to power in 1920–1921, with backing from King Ferdinand I and the National Liberal Party (PNL), and with the notable participation of Constantin Argetoianu and Take Ionescu. His controversial first mandate, marked by a political crisis and oscillating support from the PNL's leader Ion I. C. Brătianu, played a part in legislating land reform and repressed communist activities, before being brought down by the rally of opposition forces. His second term of 1926–1927 brought a much-debated treaty with Fascist Italy, and fell after Averescu gave clandestine backing to the ousted Prince Carol. Faced with the People Party's decline, Averescu closed deals with various right-wing forces and was instrumental in bringing Carol back to the throne in 1930. Relations between the two soured over the following years, and Averescu clashed with his fellow party member Octavian Goga over the king's attitudes. Shortly before his death, he and Carol reconciled, and Averescu joined the Crown Council. Averescu, who authored over 12 works on various military topics (including his memoirs from the frontline),〔Petre Otu, "Mareșalul Alexandru Averescu (1859–1938)" ("Marshal Alexandru Averescu"), in ''Dosarele Istoriei'', 2(30)/1999, p.22-23〕 was also an honorary member of the Romanian Academy and an Order of Michael the Brave recipient. He became a Marshal of Romania in 1930. ==Early life and career== Averescu was born in Ozerne (previously known as ''Babele'', and subsequently renamed ''Alexandru Averescu''), a village northwest of Izmail, now part of Ukraine. The son of Constantin Averescu, who held the rank of ''sluger'', he studied at the Romanian Orthodox seminary in Izmail, then at the School of Arts and Crafts in Bucharest (intending to become an engineer).〔 Ioan Parean, (''Mareșalul Averescu, conducător militar de excepție'' ("Marshal Averescu, Outstanding Military Leader") ) at the Sibiu Land Forces Academy; retrieved October 16, 2007〕 In 1876, he decided to join the Gendarmes in Izmail.〔 Seeing action as a cavalry sergeant with the Romanian troops engaged in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, he was decorated on several occasions, but was later moved to reserve (after failing his medical examination due to the effects of frostbite).〔 He was, however, reinstated later in 1878, and subsequently received a military education in Romania, at the military school of Târgoviște (Dealu Monastery), and in Italy, at the Military Academy of Turin.〔〔〔Constantin Argetoianu, "Memorii" ("Memoirs"; fragment), in ''Magazin Istoric'', March 1968, p.71-76, 79-81〕〔 Ion Bulei, ("Suntem cu toții cuprinși de grija cea mare" ("We Are All Overwhelmed by the Greatest of Concerns") ), in ''Magazin Istoric'', October 1997; retrieved October 16, 2007〕 Averescu married an Italian opera singer, Clotilda Caligaris, who had been the prima donna of La Scala.〔〔〔 His future collaborator and rival Constantin Argetoianu stated that Averescu "chose Mrs. Clotilda at random".〔 Upon his return, Averescu steadily climbed through the ranks. He was head of the Bucharest Military Academy (1894–1895), and, in 1895-1898, Romania's military ''attaché'' in the German Empire; a colonel in 1901, he was advanced to the rank of Brigadier General and became head of the Tecuci regional Army Command Center in 1906.〔〔 Before the World War, he led the troops in crushing the 1907 peasants' revolt — where he engaged in using very harsh means of repression, especially when dealing with soldiers who refused to fight against the rebels — and was subsequently Minister of War in Dimitrie Sturdza's National Liberal Party (PNL) cabinet (1907–1909).〔〔〔Keith Hitchins, ''România, 1866-1947'', Humanitas, Bucharest, 1998 (translation of the English-language edition ''Rumania, 1866-1947'', Oxford University Press, USA, 1994), p.184-185, 270, 290-291, 389, 392, 402-403, 406-407〕 According to the recollections of Eliza Brătianu, a split occurred between him and the PNL after Averescu attempted to advance various political goals — the conflict erupted when he sought support with King Carol I and then, as the National Liberals deeply resented Romania's alliance with the Central Powers, he approached the Germans for backing.〔 Eliza Brătianu, (''Averescu - 1918'' ) at the (''Memoria'' Virtual Library ); retrieved October 16, 2007〕 Subsequently, he was commander of the First Infantry Division (stationed in Turnu Severin) and, later, of the Second Army Corps in Craiova.〔 In 1912, he became a Major General, and, in 1911-1913, he was Chief of the General Staff.〔〔 In the latter capacity, Averescu organized the actions of Romanian troops operating south of the Danube in the Second Balkan War (the campaign against Bulgaria, during which his troops met no resistance).〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Alexandru Averescu」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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